Momwe mungapangire botolo lagalasi

Galasi imakhala ndi kufalikira kwabwino komanso kufalikira kwapang'onopang'ono, kukhazikika kwamphamvu kwamankhwala, ndipo imatha kupeza mphamvu zamakina amphamvu komanso mphamvu yotchinjiriza kutentha molingana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira.Ikhoza ngakhale kupanga galasi kusintha mtundu paokha ndi kudzipatula kuwala mopitirira muyeso, choncho nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbali zonse za moyo kukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana.Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza makamaka za kupanga mabotolo a galasi.

Inde, pali zifukwa zopangira magalasi kuti apange mabotolo a zakumwa, zomwe zimapindulitsanso mabotolo agalasi.Zopangira zazikulu za mabotolo a galasi ndi ores zachilengedwe, quartzite, caustic soda, miyala yamchere, etc. Mabotolo agalasi ali ndi kuwonekera kwakukulu ndipo kukana dzimbiri, ndipo sizisintha zinthu zakuthupi polumikizana ndi mankhwala ambiri.Njira yake yopangira ndi yosavuta, chitsanzo ndi chaulere komanso chosinthika, cholimba ndi chachikulu, chopanda kutentha, choyera, chosavuta kuyeretsa, ndipo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito mobwerezabwereza.Monga zinthu zopangira, mabotolo agalasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati chakudya, mafuta, mowa, zakumwa, zokometsera, zodzoladzola ndi mankhwala amadzimadzi ndi zina zotero.

Botolo lagalasi limapangidwa ndi mitundu yopitilira khumi yazinthu zazikulu zopangira, monga ufa wa quartz, miyala yamchere, phulusa la soda, dolomite, feldspar, boric acid, barium sulfate, mirabilite, zinc oxide, potaziyamu carbonate ndi galasi losweka.Ndi chidebe chopangidwa ndi kusungunuka ndi kupangidwa pa 1600 ℃.Itha kupanga mabotolo agalasi amitundu yosiyanasiyana molingana ndi nkhungu zosiyanasiyana.Chifukwa amapangidwa pa kutentha kwambiri, si poizoni ndi zoipa.Ndilo chidebe chachikulu choyikamo chakudya, mankhwala ndi mafakitale opanga mankhwala.Kenako, tidzayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo iliyonse.

Quartz ufa: Ndi mchere wolimba, wosavala komanso wosasunthika.Chigawo chake chachikulu cha mchere ndi quartz, ndipo chigawo chake chachikulu cha mankhwala ndi SiO2.Mtundu wa mchenga wa quartz ndi woyera wamkaka, kapena wopanda mtundu komanso wowoneka bwino.Kuuma kwake ndi 7. Ndi brittle ndipo alibe cleavage.Ili ndi chigoba chonga fracture.Lili ndi kuwala kwa mafuta.Kuchuluka kwake ndi 2.65.Kuchuluka kwake (20-200 mesh ndi 1.5).Mankhwala ake, matenthedwe ndi makina ake ali ndi anisotropy yoonekeratu, ndipo samasungunuka mu asidi, Amasungunuka mu NaOH ndi KOH yamadzimadzi pamwamba pa 160 ℃, ndi malo osungunuka a 1650 ℃.Mchenga wa quartz ndi chinthu chomwe kukula kwake kwambewu nthawi zambiri kumakhala pa sieve ya ma mesh 120 pambuyo poti mwala wa quartz wokumbidwa mumgodi wakonzedwa.Chogulitsa chomwe chimadutsa 120 mesh sieve chimatchedwa ufa wa quartz.Ntchito zazikuluzikulu: zida zosefera, magalasi apamwamba kwambiri, zinthu zamagalasi, zopangira magalasi, miyala yosungunulira, kuponyera mwatsatanetsatane, kuphulika kwa mchenga, zida zogaya magudumu.

Mwala wa laimu: calcium carbonate ndiye chigawo chachikulu cha miyala ya laimu, ndipo miyala yamchere ndiye chinthu chachikulu chopangira magalasi.Laimu ndi miyala ya laimu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zomangira komanso ndizofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale ambiri.Calcium carbonate imatha kusinthidwa kukhala mwala ndikuwotchedwa kukhala quicklime.

Koloko phulusa: imodzi mwa zinthu zofunika mankhwala zopangira, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makampani kuwala, tsiku makampani mankhwala, zomangira, makampani mankhwala, mafakitale chakudya, zitsulo, nsalu, mafuta, chitetezo dziko, mankhwala ndi madera ena, komanso mu minda ya kujambula ndi kusanthula.Pazinthu zomangira, makampani agalasi ndi omwe amagula phulusa la koloko, matani 0,2 a phulusa la soda amadyedwa pa tani imodzi ya galasi.

Boric acid: kristalo woyera wa ufa kapena triclinic axial scale crystal, yomveka bwino komanso yopanda fungo.Kusungunuka m'madzi, mowa, glycerin, ether ndi essence mafuta, yankho lamadzi ndi lofooka acidic.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu galasi (galasi kuwala, asidi kugonjetsedwa galasi, kutentha zosagwira galasi, ndi galasi CHIKWANGWANI kwa insulating zipangizo) makampani, amene angathe kusintha kutentha kukana ndi mandala zinthu galasi, kusintha mphamvu makina, ndi kufupikitsa nthawi kusungunuka. .Mchere wa Glauber umapangidwa makamaka ndi sodium sulfate Na2SO4, yomwe ndi zida zopangira Na2O.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuthetsa SiO2 scum ndikuchita ngati kufotokozera.

Opanga ena amawonjezeranso cullet kusakanizaku.Opanga ena adzabwezeretsanso galasi popanga.Kaya ndi zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwira kapena zinyalala pamalo obwezeretsanso, 1300 mapaundi a mchenga, mapaundi 410 a soda ndi 380. mapaundi a miyala ya laimu akhoza kupulumutsidwa pa tani iliyonse ya galasi yobwezerezedwanso.Izi zidzapulumutsa ndalama zopangira, kusunga ndalama ndi mphamvu, kuti makasitomala athe kupeza mitengo yachuma pazinthu zathu.

Zopangira zikakonzeka, njira yopangira iyamba.Choyamba ndikusungunula zopangira za botolo lagalasi mu ng'anjo, Zopangira ndi cullet zimasungunuka mosalekeza pa kutentha kwakukulu.Pafupifupi 1650 ° C, ng'anjoyo imagwira ntchito maola 24 pa tsiku, ndipo zosakaniza zosakaniza zimapanga galasi losungunuka pafupifupi maola 24 pa tsiku.Magalasi osungunuka akudutsa.Kenako, kumapeto kwa njira yazinthu, magalasi oyenda amadulidwa muzitsulo molingana ndi kulemera kwake, ndipo kutentha kumayikidwa molondola.

Palinso njira zina zodzitetezera pogwiritsira ntchito ng'anjo.Chida choyezera makulidwe a dziwe losungunuka la dziwe losungunuka liyenera kukhala lotsekedwa.Ngati zinthu zatayikira, dulani magetsi mwamsanga.Galasi losungunuka lisanayambe kuyenda. kuchokera mu njira yodyetsera, chipangizo choyatsira pansi chimateteza mphamvu ya galasi yosungunuka pansi kuti magalasi osungunuka asathe.Njira yodziwika bwino ndiyo kuyika ma elekitirodi a molybdenum mugalasi losungunuka ndi kusiya ma elekitirodi a molybdenum kuti ateteze voteji mu galasi losungunuka la pachipata.Dziwani kuti kutalika kwa ma elekitirodi a molybdenum omwe amalowetsedwa mugalasi losungunuka ndi lalikulu kuposa 1/2 ya m'lifupi mwake.Ngati mphamvu ikulephera komanso kutumiza mphamvu, woyendetsa kutsogolo kwa ng'anjoyo ayenera kudziwitsidwa pasadakhale kuti ayang'ane zida zamagetsi. (monga electrode system) ndi zinthu zozungulira zida kamodzi.Kutumiza kwamagetsi kumatha kuchitika pokhapokha ngati palibe vuto. Pakakhala ngozi kapena ngozi yomwe ingawononge chitetezo chamunthu kapena chitetezo cha zida pamalo osungunuka, wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kukanikiza "batani loyimitsa mwadzidzidzi" kuti adule magetsi. Kupereka kwa ng'anjo yonse yamagetsi.Zida zoyezera makulidwe a ng'anjo yamagetsi pa cholowetsa chakudya ziyenera kuperekedwa ndi njira zotetezera kutentha.Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito ya ng'anjo yamagetsi ya ng'anjo ya galasi, woyendetsa ng'anjo yamagetsi adzayang'ana electrode. wofewetsa dongosolo madzi kamodzi pa ola ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuthana ndi madzi kudula maelekitirodi munthu. Ngati zinthu kutayikira ngozi mu ng'anjo yamagetsi ya galasi ng'anjo, magetsi adzadulidwa nthawi yomweyo, ndi kutayikira zinthu adzakhala sprayed ndi mkulu. -Kukakamiza chitoliro chamadzi nthawi yomweyo kulimbitsa galasi lamadzimadzi.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mtsogoleri wa ntchitoyo adzadziwitsidwa mwamsanga.Ngati kulephera kwa mphamvu ya ng'anjo ya galasi kupitirira mphindi 5, dziwe losungunuka liyenera kugwira ntchito molingana ndi malamulo oletsa mphamvu. , munthu ayenera kutumizidwa kuti akafufuze alamu nthawi yomweyo ndikuthana nayo munthawi yake.

Gawo lachiwiri ndikukonza botolo lagalasi.Kupanga mabotolo agalasi ndi mitsuko kumatanthawuza kuphatikizika kwa zochita (kuphatikizapo makina, zamagetsi, etc.) zomwe zimabwerezedwa mu ndondomeko yoperekedwa, ndi cholinga chopanga botolo. ndi mtsuko wokhala ndi mawonekedwe enieni monga momwe amayembekezera.Pakalipano, pali njira ziwiri zazikulu popanga mabotolo agalasi ndi mitsuko: njira yowomba pakamwa yopapatiza ya botolo ndi njira yowombera mabotolo akuluakulu ndi mitsuko. kukameta ubweya tsamba pa kutentha zinthu (1050-1200 ℃) kupanga cylindrical galasi m'malovu, Amatchedwa "zinthu dontho".Kulemera kwa dontho lazinthu ndikokwanira kupanga botolo.Njira zonsezi zimayambira pakumeta ubweya wamadzi agalasi, zinthuzo zimatsika pansi pa mphamvu yokoka, ndikulowa mu nkhungu yoyambirira kudzera mumphika wa zinthu ndi pokhotera.Ndiye nkhungu yoyambirira imatsekedwa mwamphamvu ndikusindikizidwa ndi "bulkhead" pamwamba.Pakuwomba, galasi imakankhidwira pansi ndi mpweya woponderezedwa womwe umadutsa mu bulkhead, kotero kuti galasi pakufa ipangidwe;Ndiye pachimake chimayenda pansi pang'ono, ndi wothinikizidwa mpweya kudutsa kusiyana pa pachimake udindo amakulitsa extruded galasi kuchokera pansi mpaka pamwamba kudzaza nkhungu koyamba.Kupyolera mu kuwomba kwa galasi koteroko, galasilo limapanga mawonekedwe osakanizika, ndipo m'kati mwake, lidzawombedwanso ndi mpweya woponderezedwa mu gawo lachiwiri kuti likhale lomaliza.

Kupanga mabotolo agalasi ndi mitsuko kumachitika mu magawo awiri: mu gawo loyamba, zonse za nkhungu pakamwa zimapangidwa, ndipo pakamwa pomaliza kumaphatikizapo kutsegula kwamkati, koma mawonekedwe a thupi la galasi la galasi adzakhala. chochepa kwambiri kuposa kukula kwake komaliza.Magalasi opangidwa ndi theka awa amatchedwa parison.Mu mphindi yotsatira, iwo adzawomberedwa mu mawonekedwe a botolo lomaliza.Kuchokera kumbali ya machitidwe a makina, kufa ndi pachimake zimapanga malo otsekedwa pansipa.Imfayo ikadzadza ndi galasi (pambuyo pakuwomba), pachimake chimachotsedwa pang'ono kuti chifewetse galasi pokhudzana ndi pachimake.Ndiye wothinikizidwa mpweya (m'mbuyo kuwomba) kuchokera pansi kupita pamwamba akudutsa kusiyana pansi pachimake kupanga parison.Kenaka bulkhead ikukwera, nkhungu yoyamba imatsegulidwa, ndipo mkono wotembenuka, pamodzi ndi kufa ndi parison, umatembenuzidwa kumbali yowumba. Pamene mkono wotembenuka ufika pamwamba pa nkhungu, nkhungu kumbali zonse ziwiri idzatsekedwa ndipo atsekeredwa kukulunga tchalitchi.Imfa idzatsegula pang'ono kuti itulutse ndende;Kenako mkono wotembenuka udzabwerera ku mbali yoyamba ya nkhungu ndikudikirira kuzungulira kotsatira.Mutu wowomba umatsikira pamwamba pa nkhungu, mpweya woponderezedwa umatsanuliridwa mu parison kuchokera pakati, ndipo galasi lotulutsidwa limakula mpaka nkhungu kupanga mawonekedwe omaliza a botolo. opangidwa ndi wothinikizidwa mpweya, koma extruding galasi mu danga lalikulu nkhungu patsekeke ndi yaitali pakati.Kugubuduza kotsatira ndi kupanga komaliza kumagwirizana ndi njira yowombera.Pambuyo pake, botololo lidzachotsedwa mu nkhungu ndikuyika pa mbale yoyimitsa botolo ndi mpweya wozizirira pansi-mmwamba, kudikirira kuti botolo likokedwe ndikusamutsidwa kupita kumalo osungira.

Gawo lomaliza ndi annealing mu botolo la galasi kupanga ndondomeko.Mosasamala kanthu za ndondomekoyi, pamwamba pa zotengera galasi zowomberedwa nthawi zambiri zokutira pambuyo akamaumba.

Akadakali otentha kwambiri, kuti mabotolo ndi zitini zisamawonjezeke, izi zimatchedwa kutentha kwapamwamba pamwamba, ndiyeno mabotolo amagalasi amatengedwa kupita ku ng'anjo yamoto, komwe kutentha kwawo kumabwereranso pafupifupi 815 ° C, ndiyeno. amachepetsa pang'onopang'ono mpaka pansi pa 480 ° C. Izi zidzatenga pafupifupi 2 hours.Kutenthetsanso ndi kuziziritsa pang'onopang'ono kumeneku kumathetsa kupanikizika mu chidebecho.Zidzawonjezera kulimba kwa zotengera zamagalasi zopangidwa mwachilengedwe.Apo ayi, galasi ndi losavuta kusweka.

Palinso zinthu zambiri zofunika kuziganizira pa nthawi ya annealing. Kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa ng'anjo yowotchera kumakhala kosafanana.Kutentha kwa gawo la ng'anjo yowotchera zinthu zamagalasi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsika pafupi ndi mbali ziwiri ndikukwera pamwamba pakatikati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kwa zinthu kusakhale kofanana, makamaka mu ng'anjo yamtundu wa chipinda.Pachifukwa ichi, popanga mapindikidwe, fakitale ya botolo lagalasi iyenera kutsika mtengo kusiyana ndi kupanikizika kosatha kovomerezeka kwa kuzizira kwapang'onopang'ono, ndipo nthawi zambiri imatenga theka la kupanikizika kovomerezeka kuwerengera.Kupanikizika kovomerezeka kwa zinthu wamba kumatha kukhala 5 mpaka 10 nm/cm.Zomwe zimakhudza kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa ng'anjo yowotchera ziyenera kuganiziridwanso pozindikira kuthamanga kwa kutentha ndi liwiro lozizira kwambiri.Mu ndondomeko yeniyeni ya annealing, kugawidwa kwa kutentha mu ng'anjo ya annealing kuyenera kufufuzidwa kawirikawiri.Ngati kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwapezeka, kuyenera kusinthidwa panthawi yake.Kuphatikiza apo, pazinthu zamagalasi, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimapangidwa nthawi imodzi.Mukayika zinthu mu ng'anjo yowotchera, zinthu zina zokhuthala pakhoma zimayikidwa pamalo otentha kwambiri mung'anjo yowotchera, pomwe zida zowonda zapakhoma zitha kuyikidwa pamalo otentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zapakhoma zichepetse. zopangidwa Zigawo zamkati ndi zakunja za zinthu zapakhoma zolimba ndizokhazikika.M'kati mwazomwe zimabwerera, kutentha kumakwera kwambiri kwa zinthu zokhuthala pakhoma, kumachepetsanso kupsinjika kwa thermoelastic pozizira, komanso kupsinjika kosatha kwa zinthuzo.Kupsinjika kwa zinthu zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta ndikosavuta kuyimilira [monga zachindindikiro za pansi, ngodya zakumanja ndi zopangira zokhala ndi zogwirira], monga zida zapakhoma zolimba, kutentha kwachitetezo kuyenera kukhala kocheperako, komanso kuthamanga ndi kuzizira kuyenera kukhala kocheperako.Annealing Vuto la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magalasi Ngati zinthu za botolo lagalasi zomwe zili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamankhwala zimatenthedwa mung'anjo yomweyi, galasi yokhala ndi kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono iyenera kusankhidwa ngati kutentha kosungira kutentha, ndipo njira yotalikitsira nthawi yosungira kutentha iyenera kukhazikitsidwa. , kotero kuti mankhwala omwe ali ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana annealing akhoza kutsekedwa momwe angathere.Kwa mankhwala omwe ali ndi mankhwala omwewo, makulidwe osiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe, akamatenthedwa mu ng'anjo yomweyi, kutentha kwa annealing kumatsimikiziridwa molingana ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi khoma laling'ono kuti mupewe kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zowonda-mipanda panthawi ya annealing, koma kutentha ndi kutentha. Liwiro kuzirala adzakhala anatsimikiza malinga ndi mankhwala ndi lalikulu khoma makulidwe kuonetsetsa kuti wandiweyani khoma mankhwala si kusweka chifukwa matenthedwe stress.The retrogression wa galasi borosilicate Pakuti Pengsilicate glassware mankhwala, galasi sachedwa kupatukana gawo mkati annealing kutentha osiyanasiyana.Pambuyo pa kupatukana kwa gawo, mawonekedwe a galasi amasintha ndipo ntchito yake imasintha, monga kutentha kwa mankhwala kumachepetsa.Pofuna kupewa izi, kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zinthu zamagalasi a borosilicate kuyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa.Makamaka magalasi okhala ndi boron wambiri, kutentha kwa anneal sikuyenera kukhala kokwera kwambiri ndipo nthawi yotsekera sikuyenera kukhala yayitali.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kubwereza mobwerezabwereza kuyenera kupewedwa momwe zingathere.Digiri yolekanitsa gawo la annealing mobwerezabwereza ndizovuta kwambiri.

Palinso sitepe ina yopangira mabotolo agalasi.Ubwino wa mabotolo a galasi uyenera kufufuzidwa motsatira ndondomeko zotsatirazi.Zofunika za khalidwe: mabotolo agalasi ndi mitsuko adzakhala ndi ntchito zina ndikukwaniritsa miyezo yapamwamba.

Ubwino wagalasi: koyera komanso kopanda mchenga, mikwingwirima, thovu ndi zolakwika zina.Galasi yopanda mtundu imakhala yowonekera kwambiri;Mtundu wa magalasi achikuda ndi wofanana komanso wosasunthika, ndipo umatha kuyamwa mphamvu ya kuwala kwa utali wina wake.

Thupi ndi mankhwala: Lili ndi kukhazikika kwa mankhwala ndipo siligwirizana ndi zomwe zili mkati mwake.Imakhala ndi kukana kwa chivomezi komanso mphamvu zamakina, imatha kupirira kutentha ndi kuzizira monga kuchapa ndi kutseketsa, ndipo imatha kupirira kudzazidwa, kusungidwa ndi kunyamula, ndipo imatha kukhala yolimba ngati pali kupsinjika kwamkati ndi kunja, kugwedezeka ndi kukhudzidwa.

Ubwino woumba: sungani mphamvu zina, kulemera kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake, ngakhale makulidwe a khoma, pakamwa mosalala komanso kosalala kuti mutsimikizire kudzazidwa kosavuta komanso kusindikiza bwino.Palibe zolakwika monga kupotoza, roughness pamwamba, kusagwirizana ndi ming'alu.

Ngati mukwaniritsa zofunikira pamwambapa, zikomo.Mwapanga bwino botolo lagalasi loyenerera.Ikani muzogulitsa zanu.