Kupanga Mabotolo a Red Wine

Mabotolo a mphesa okhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana samangokhala ndi vinyo wokoma, komanso amawulula zambiri za vinyo kwa ife kuchokera kumbali.Nkhaniyi idzayamba kuchokera ku chiyambi cha vinyo wofiira ndikugawana chitukuko cha botolo lonse la vinyo wofiira.

Tisanakambirane za chitukuko cha mabotolo ofiira a vinyo, tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule mbiri ya chitukuko cha zaka zikwi zisanu ndi zinayi za vinyo wofiira.Vinyo omwe anapezeka ku Iran cha m'ma 5400 BC ankaonedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa vinyo woyamba kwambiri padziko lapansi, koma anapeza. wa vinyo m’mabwinja a Jiahu ku Henan walembanso mbiri imeneyi.Malinga ndi zomwe zapezedwa pano, mbiri yaku China yofulula moŵa idaposa zaka 1000 m'mbuyomu kuposa ya mayiko akunja.Ndiko kunena kuti, Jiahu Site, malo ofunikira kumayambiriro kwa Neolithic Age ku China, ndi msonkhano woyamba wa winemaking padziko lapansi.Pambuyo popenda mankhwala a matope amene anali pa khoma lamkati la mbiya yofukulidwa pamalo a Jiahu, anapeza kuti anthu panthaŵiyo ankapanga vinyo wofufumitsa wa mpunga, uchi ndi vinyo, ndipo ankazisunganso m’miphika yadothi. Georgia, Armenia, Iran ndi maiko ena, gulu la zida zazikulu zopangira mowa kuchokera ku 4000 BC zidapezeka.Pa nthawiyo, anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zokwirira zimenezi popangira vinyo;Mpaka lero, dziko la Georgia limagwiritsabe ntchito mbiya m’dzikomo popangira vinyo, lomwe nthawi zambiri limatchedwa KVEVRI. (Chigiriki chakale).

121 BC amatchedwa chaka cha Opimian, chomwe chimatanthawuza chaka chabwino kwambiri cha vinyo mu nthawi ya golide ya Roma wakale.Akuti vinyoyu akhoza kumwedwabe pambuyo pa zaka 100. Mu 77, Pliny Wamkulu, wolemba mabuku wa ku Roma wakale, analemba mawu otchuka akuti “Vino Veritas” ndi “Mu Wine There Is Truth” m’buku lake lakuti “Natural History. ".

M’zaka za m’ma 1500 mpaka 1500, vinyo ankaikidwa m’mabotolo m’miphika yadothi kenako n’kuwiranso kuti atulutse thovu;Mtundu wa Cremant uwu ndi chitsanzo cha vinyo wonyezimira wa ku France ndi cider wachingelezi. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1500, pofuna kuteteza kuti vinyo asawonongeke pamayendedwe akutali, anthu nthawi zambiri amatalikitsa moyo wake powonjezera mowa (njira yolimbikitsira).Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, vinyo wotchuka wokhala ndi mipanda yolimba monga Port, Sherry, Madeira ndi Marsala apangidwa motere. Mtsuko wa khutu wa vinyo wolembedwa m'mbiri yakale.Tsoka ilo, botolo lagalasi panthawiyo likhoza kuikidwa molunjika, kotero choyimitsa chamatabwa chinali chosweka mosavuta chifukwa cha kuyanika, ndipo motero chinataya mphamvu yake yosindikiza.

Ku Bordeaux, 1949 chinali chaka chabwino kwambiri, chomwe chimatchedwanso Vintage of the Century.Mu 1964, dziko loyamba la Bag-in-a-Box Wines linabadwa. , Italy.M'chaka chomwecho, makina oyamba okolola padziko lonse lapansi adagulitsidwa ku New York. Mu 1978, Robert Parker, wotsutsa vinyo wovomerezeka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, anayambitsa magazini ya The Wine Advocate, ndipo makina ake zana akukhalanso ofunika kwambiri. kuti ogula agule vinyo.Kuyambira pamenepo, 1982 yakhala nthawi yosinthira zinthu zabwino za Parker.

Mu 2000, dziko la France linakhala dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lopanga vinyo, kenako Italy.

Pambuyo poyambitsa chitukuko cha vinyo wofiira, tiyeni tiyankhule za chitukuko cha mabotolo a vinyo wofiira.Woyambitsa botolo la galasi ndi mphika wadothi kapena chotengera cha mwala.N'zovuta kulingalira mmene anthu akale ankathira magalasi a vinyo ndi miphika yadothi yosalimba.

Ndipotu, magalasi ankapezeka ndipo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kale kwambiri mu nthawi ya Aroma, koma panthawiyo zida zagalasi zinali zamtengo wapatali komanso zosowa, zomwe zinali zovuta kupanga komanso zosalimba.Pa nthawiyo, olemekezeka ankaona kuti zovuta kupeza galasi monga giredi yapamwamba, ndipo nthawi zina analikulunga ndi golidi.Zikuoneka kuti zomwe Kumadzulo amasewera si golide wopakidwa ndi yade, koma golide wokutidwa ndi "galasi"!Ngati tigwiritsa ntchito zotengera zamagalasi kuti mukhale ndi vinyo, ndizodabwitsa ngati mabotolo opangidwa ndi diamondi.

Vinyo amene anapezeka ku Iran cha m’ma 5400 BC ankaonedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa vinyo wakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, koma kupezeka kwa vinyo m’mabwinja a Jiahu ku Henan kwalembanso mbiri imeneyi.Malinga ndi zomwe zapezedwa pano, mbiri yaku China yofulula moŵa idaposa zaka 1000 m'mbuyomu kuposa ya mayiko akunja.Ndiko kunena kuti, Jiahu Site, malo ofunikira kumayambiriro kwa Neolithic Age ku China, ndi msonkhano woyamba wa winemaking padziko lapansi.Pambuyo pofufuza mankhwala a matope amene anali pakhoma lamkati la mbiya yofukulidwa pamalo a Jiahu, anapeza kuti anthu panthaŵiyo ankapanga vinyo wofufumitsa wa mpunga, uchi ndi vinyo, ndipo ankazisunganso m’miphika yadothi. m'zaka za m'ma 1700, pamene malasha anapezeka.The matenthedwe dzuwa la malasha ndi apamwamba kuposa udzu mpunga ndi udzu, ndi kutentha lawi mosavuta kufika oposa 1000 ℃, kotero ndondomeko mtengo wa forging galasi amakhala otsika ndi kutsika.Koma mabotolo agalasi akadali zinthu zosowa zomwe zimangowoneka ndi gulu lapamwamba pachiyambi.(Ndikufunadi kunyamula mabotolo angapo a vinyo kupyola m’zaka za zana la 17 kuti ndisinthanitse ndi ziphuphu zagolide!) Panthaŵiyo, vinyo anali kugulitsidwa mochulukira.Anthu omwe ali ndi chuma chabwino amatha kukhala ndi botolo lagalasi la makolo.Nthawi zonse akafuna kumwa, ankatenga botolo lopanda kanthu lija n’kupita kumsewu kukatenga masenti 20 a vinyo!

Mabotolo akale kwambiri agalasi adapangidwa ndi kuwomba kwamanja, kotero botololo lidzakhala ndi mawonekedwe osasinthika komanso mphamvu ndi luso laukadaulo komanso kuthekera kofunikira kwa wopanga mabotolo aliyense.Ndi chifukwa chakuti kukula kwa mabotolo sikungagwirizane.Kwa nthawi yayitali, vinyo sankaloledwa kugulitsidwa m'mabotolo, zomwe zingayambitse kugulitsa kosalungama.Kale, powombera mabotolo, tinkafunika mgwirizano awiri.Munthu amaviika mbali imodzi ya chubu lalitali lalitali losagwira kutentha kwa galasi mumadzi otsekemera a galasi lamoto ndikuwuzira madziwo kukhala nkhungu.Wothandizira amawongolera kusintha kwa nkhungu kumbali inayo.Zogulitsa zomwe zatha kuchokera mu nkhungu ngati izi zimafunikirabe maziko, kapena zimafunikira anthu awiri kuti agwirizane.Munthu m'modzi amagwiritsa ntchito ndodo yachitsulo yosagwira kutentha kuti agwire pansi pa zinthu zomwe zatha, ndipo winayo amazungulira botolo la botolo pamene akupanga botolo kuti apange yunifolomu ndi kukula kwake koyenera.Botolo lapachiyambi la botolo ndi lochepa komanso losavuta, zomwe zimakhala zotsatira za mphamvu ya centrifugal pamene botolo likuwombedwa ndikuzungulira.

Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 17, mawonekedwe a botolo asintha kwambiri m'zaka 200 zotsatira.Maonekedwe a botolo asintha kuchokera ku anyezi wamfupi kupita ku gawo lachisomo.Mwachidule, chimodzi mwa zifukwa ndi chakuti kupanga vinyo kwawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo vinyo akhoza kusungidwa m'mabotolo.Pakusungirako, zidapezeka kuti ma scallions athyathyathya amakhala ndi malo akulu ndipo siwoyenera kusungidwa, ndipo mawonekedwe awo amafunika kuwongolera;Chachiwiri, anthu adapeza pang'onopang'ono kuti vinyo wosungidwa m'botolo angakhale wabwino kuposa vinyo wongopangidwa kumene, womwe ndi mawonekedwe a embryonic a chiphunzitso chamakono cha "vinyo kucha".Kusungirako mu botolo kwakhala chizolowezi, kotero mawonekedwe a botolo ayenera kukhala osavuta kuyika komanso kupulumutsa malo.

Munthawi ya kuwomba kwa botolo lagalasi, voliyumu imatengera mphamvu ya chowuzira botolo.Asanafike zaka za m'ma 1970, kuchuluka kwa mabotolo a vinyo kunasiyana kuchokera ku 650 ml mpaka 850 ml.Mabotolo a burgundy ndi shampagne nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu, pomwe sherry ndi mabotolo ena avinyo okhala ndi mipanda nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa.Sizinali mpaka zaka za m'ma 1970 pamene European Union inagwirizanitsa kuchuluka kwa mabotolo a vinyo, onse omwe adasinthidwa ndi 750ml.Mpaka zaka za m'ma 1970, European Community idakhazikitsa kukula kwa mabotolo avinyo ngati 750ml kuti alimbikitse kukhazikika.Pakalipano, mabotolo amtundu wa 750 ml amavomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi.Izi zisanachitike, mabotolo a Burgundy ndi Champagne anali okulirapo pang'ono kuposa a Bordeaux, pomwe mabotolo a sherry nthawi zambiri anali ang'onoang'ono kuposa a Bordeaux.Pakali pano, botolo lokhazikika la mayiko ena ndi 500ml.Mwachitsanzo, vinyo wotsekemera wa ku Hungarian Tokai amadzazidwa ndi mabotolo a 500ml.Kuphatikiza pa mabotolo wamba, pali mabotolo ang'onoang'ono kapena akulu kuposa mabotolo wamba.

Ngakhale mabotolo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi 750ml, pali zosiyana pakulongosola ndi kukula kwa mabotolo amphamvu zina pakati pa Bordeaux ndi Champagne.

Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa mabotolo a vinyo ndi ogwirizana, mawonekedwe a thupi lawo ndi osiyana, nthawi zambiri amaimira chikhalidwe cha dera lililonse.Mawonekedwe a botolo a ziwerengero zingapo zofananira akuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi.Choncho, musanyalanyaze mfundo zoperekedwa ndi mtundu wa botolo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala chizindikiro cha chiyambi cha vinyo.Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko a New World, vinyo wopangidwa kuchokera ku Pinot Noir ndi Chardonnay nthawi zambiri amaikidwa m'mabotolo a Burgundy monga chiyambi;Momwemonso, vinyo wambiri wapadziko lonse wa Cabernet Sauvignon ndi Merlot wouma wofiyira amapakidwa m'mabotolo a Bordeaux.

Maonekedwe a botolo nthawi zina amakhala ngati kalembedwe: Zofiira zouma za Rioja zimatha kupangidwa ndi Tempranillo kapena Kohena.Ngati pali Tempranillo yambiri mu botolo, opanga amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a mabotolo ofanana ndi Bordeaux kutanthauzira makhalidwe ake amphamvu ndi amphamvu.Ngati pali ma Gerbera ambiri, amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a botolo la Burgundy kuti afotokoze mawonekedwe ake ofatsa komanso ofewa.

Kuwona apa, monga azungu amene poyamba anali okonda vinyo, ayenera kuti anakomoka kambirimbiri.Chifukwa kununkhiza ndi kukoma kwa vinyo kumafunikira zofunikira zina za kununkhira ndi kukoma, zomwe zimafuna nthawi yayitali yophunzira ndi luso kwa oyamba kumene.Koma musadandaule, sitidzakamba za “maonekedwe” a kununkhiza kwa fungo ndi kuzindikira vinyo.Lero, tikuwonetsa olowa mulingo wa vinyo yemwe akuyenera KUPEZA zinthu zowuma mwachangu!Ndiko kuzindikira vinyo kuchokera ku mawonekedwe a botolo!Chenjerani: Kuwonjezera pa udindo wa yosungirako ndi vinyo mabotolo amakhalanso ndi zotsatira zina pa khalidwe la vinyo.Nawa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya mabotolo a vinyo:

1.Bordeaux botolo

Bordeaux botolo molunjika mapewa.Mabotolo amitundu yosiyanasiyana amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya vinyo.Mabotolo a Bordeaux ali ndi mbali zowonongeka, mapewa akuluakulu, ndi mitundu itatu: wobiriwira wobiriwira, wobiriwira wobiriwira, komanso wopanda mtundu: wofiira wofiira m'mabotolo obiriwira amdima, woyera wouma m'mabotolo obiriwira obiriwira, ndi oyera okoma m'mabotolo oyera. Mtundu uwu wa botolo la vinyo umakhalanso Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi amalonda a vinyo m'mayiko a New World kuti agwire vinyo wa Bordeaux, ndipo vinyo wa ku Italy monga Chianti amagwiritsidwanso ntchito posungira mabotolo a Bordeaux.

Botolo la botolo la Bordeaux, lomwe lili ndi mapewa akuluakulu ndi thupi lozungulira, limapangitsa kuti dothi likhale lovuta kutsanulira.Ku Italy, botolo limagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri, monga vinyo wamakono wa Chianti.

Monga mtundu uwu wa botolo la vinyo ndilofala komanso losavuta kubotolo, kusunga ndi kuyendetsa, limakondedwa kwambiri ndi wineries.

2.Botolo la Burgundy

Botolo la burgundy ndiye botolo la vinyo lodziwika kwambiri komanso logwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kupatula botolo la Bordeaux.Botolo la Burgundy limatchedwanso slant shoulder botolo.Mzere wake wamapewa ndi wosalala, thupi la botolo ndi lozungulira, ndipo thupi la botolo ndi lolimba komanso lolimba.Botolo la Burgundy limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kusunga Pinot Noir, kapena vinyo wofiira wofanana ndi Pinot Noir, komanso vinyo woyera wa Chardonnay.Ndikoyenera kutchula kuti mtundu uwu wa botolo la diagonal lodziwika bwino ku Rhone Valley la France limakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi botolo la Burgundian, koma thupi la botolo ndilokwera pang'ono, khosi ndi lochepa kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri botolo limasindikizidwa.Oblique mapewa ndi mawonekedwe a thupi lolunjika amakumbutsa anthu za njonda zachikulire za ku Ulaya.Thupi la botolo limakhala ndi mphamvu yowonongeka, phewa lopapatiza, thupi lozungulira komanso lalikulu, ndi groove pansi.Vinyo omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mabotolo a Burgundy ndi Chardonnay ndi Pinot Noir ochokera kumayiko a New World.Mavinyo ena athunthu, monga Barolo ku Italy, amagwiritsanso ntchito mabotolo a Burgundy.

3.Botolo la Alsace

Wocheperako komanso wowonda, ngati blonde waku France wokhala ndi chithunzi chabwino.Botolo mu mawonekedwe awa ali ndi mitundu iwiri.Thupi lobiriwira limatchedwa botolo la Alsace, ndipo thupi la bulauni ndi botolo la Rhine, ndipo palibe poyambira pansi!Vinyo omwe ali mu mtundu uwu wa botolo la vinyo ndi wosiyana kwambiri, kuyambira wouma mpaka wouma mpaka wotsekemera, womwe ukhoza kudziwika ndi chizindikiro cha vinyo.

4.Botolo la Champagne

Thupi lalikulu lokhala ndi mapewa otsetsereka ndi lofanana ndi la botolo la Burgundian, koma ndilokulirapo, ngati mlonda wa burly.Pansi pa botolo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu, komwe ndiko kupirira kukakamizidwa kwakukulu kopangidwa ndi njira ya carbonization mu botolo la champagne.Vinyo wonyezimira woyambira ali wodzaza mu botolo ili, chifukwa kapangidwe kameneka kamatha kupirira kupsinjika kwakukulu mu vinyo wonyezimira.

Mabotolo ambiri amakono a vinyo ali ndi mitundu yakuda, chifukwa malo amdima adzapewa kukopa kwa kuwala pa khalidwe la vinyo.Koma kodi mukudziwa kuti chifukwa chomwe botolo lagalasi linali ndi mtundu pachiyambi chinali chabe zotsatira zopanda thandizo zomwe anthu sakanatha kuchotsa zonyansa mu galasi.Koma palinso zitsanzo za mabotolo owonekera, monga pinki yowala kwambiri, kuti muthe kumuwona musanatsegule botolo.Tsopano vinyo wosafunikira kusungidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amasungidwa m’mabotolo opanda mtundu, pamene mabotolo amitundu ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kusunga vinyo wakale.

Chifukwa cha kutentha kwa magalasi opangidwa m'madera osiyanasiyana, mabotolo m'madera ambiri amasonyeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana.Mabotolo a bulauni amatha kupezeka m'madera ena, monga Italy ndi Rhineland ku Germany.M'mbuyomu, mitundu ya botolo ya German Rhineland ndi Moselle inali yosiyana kwambiri.Rhineland inkakonda kukhala yofiirira pamene Moselle ankakonda kukhala wobiriwira.Koma tsopano ochulukirachulukira amalonda a vinyo a ku Germany amagwiritsa ntchito mabotolo obiriwira kuti azipaka vinyo wawo, chifukwa chobiriwira ndi chokongola kwambiri?Mwina choncho!M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mtundu wina wakhala chipwirikiti yokazinga, ndiko kuti, "akufa tsamba mtundu".Uwu ndi mtundu pakati pa wachikasu ndi wobiriwira.Idawonekera koyamba pamapaketi a vinyo woyera wa Burgundy's Chardonnay.Ndi Chardonnay akuyenda padziko lonse lapansi, ma distilleries m'madera ena amagwiritsanso ntchito mtundu wa masamba wakufa uwu kuti aziyika vinyo wawo.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti nkhaniyi ingakuthandizeni kumvetsa bwino mbiri ya vinyo wofiira ndi chitukuko cha mabotolo a vinyo wofiira